In the third study, a relationship between the bulge radius, centre of gravity depth, and moment of inertia is developed, and an equation for calculating the optimum bulge radius is fit to the simulation results. In the second study, it is found that movable weights can have a significant effect on ball trajectory, especially at higher swing speeds. In the first study, it is qualitatively shown that side-spin increases linearly with increasing centre of gravity depth. In this investigation, an impulse-momentum impact model and an aerodynamic ball flight model are used to (i) examine the effect of the centre of gravity depth (distance from clubface) on ball trajectory during off-centre impacts, (ii) test the efficacy of movable weight technology, and (iii) optimize the bulge radius in relation to the clubhead's centre of gravity depth and moment of inertia. The bulge of a driver is a design feature implemented to counter-act the side-spin produced by the gear effect. During off-centre impacts, side-spin is generated due to a phenomenon known as the “gear effect.” The extent of the gear effect depends on clubhead design parameters such as the moment of inertia and centre of gravity location. In general, the best golf drives are launched with minimal side-spin, producing a straight ball trajectory with maximum carry distance. There are many factors that influence the amount of side-spin imparted to a golf ball during impact with a driver. The limitations of the models are also discussed. It is demonstrated that three-element solid models can describe the dynamic behavior of both the core and cover materials within a given frequency range. To validate the accuracy of the mechanical models for golf ball materials, finite element investigations on axial collisions between the golf ball and a long elastic bar were conducted for comparison with measured contact force histories. Complex compliances of polybutadiene rubber (core) and ionomer resin (cover) specimens, which are the ratios of the strain to stress in the frequency domain, were determined to identify the respective mechanical models. The SHPB made of PMMA bars was applied to evaluate the high strain rate compressive properties of core and cover materials for a two-piece golf ball within nearly 0.10 strain. Wave propagation analysis of strain pulses in a PMMA bar was executed in the frequency domain to identify its mechanical model using elementary one-dimensional wave theory. The present viscoelastic SHPB consists of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bars to account for the impedance mismatch between test specimens and metallic bars. A viscoelastic (polymeric) split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was used as a means of determining the dynamic characteristics of low-impedance or soft materials.
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